The vehicle had been running for no more than 15 mins at the most, hadn't been driven any distance.
Sounds like your thermostat was just barely open. Assuming no leaks (loss of pressure), the thermostat is almost never all the way open--it cracks open as needed to regulate flow to the radiator and keep the engine at the right temp. "Full open" should never be needed, even at high rev racetrack conditions where lots of heat is generated.
So, imho after 15 minutes the flow was minimal. But you also found leaks. When you have leaks, the pressure needed to keep the coolant a liquid at operating temp is gone, so the coolant can boil and cause air pockets. Air pockets can stop the water from flowing, since the air pocket can buffer and absorb the pressure from the pump like a sponge in a low flow situation.
Again imho, your radiator bend and leak in the center might be due to damage (hitting something). The leak on the driver's side is most likely a split expansion tank--for some reason they tend to go at 75-100k miles.
Your new parts and approach is the correct fix. Paul has a REALLY good DIY here which I'm sure you found. The job is very easy. Next time I'll be using a funnel when removing the block water jacket bolt... yech!